Crisis atlas / COD
Congo DR
18 distinct crisis events in 5 episodes, 1976–2016, from the union of five primary chronologies.
Debt profile: government debt trajectory and crisis-start levels →
Crisis timeline
Every distinct (year, type) event, most recent first, with the chronologies flagging it. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so long episodes show lower agreement after their first year.
- 2016Currencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
- 2009Currencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
- 1999Currencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
- 1998Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
- 1997Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
- 1996Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
- 1995Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
- 1994Currencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sourcesBankinglaeven_valencia1 source
- 1993Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
- 1992Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
- 1991Bankinggmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
- 1989Sovereign debtgmd, laeven_valencia2 sourcesCurrencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
- 1983Currencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sourcesBankinggmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
- 1976Sovereign debtgmd, laeven_valencia2 sourcesCurrencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020, 2026) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology
Macro context around each episode
Inflation, central-bank policy rate, and government debt in a window of five years either side of each crisis episode (consecutive crisis years bridged across gaps of up to two years). Crisis years shaded.
1976
CurrencySovereign debt1989–1999
CurrencySovereign debtBanking1991–1994: output loss 129.5% of GDP1994–1998: output loss 79.0% of GDP(Laeven-Valencia 2026)2009
Currency2016
CurrencySource: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) Inflation is % year over year; policy rate is the central-bank rate in %; government debt is % of GDP. Methodology