FinObservatory

Crisis atlas / IND

India

43 distinct crisis events in 12 episodes, 18632011, from the union of five primary chronologies.

Debt profile: government debt trajectory and crisis-start levels →

23
Banking crises
11
Currency crises
9
Sovereign debt crises
43
Crisis events
1863–2011
Span

Crisis timeline

Every distinct (year, type) event, most recent first, with the chronologies flagging it. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so long episodes show lower agreement after their first year.

  1. 2011
    Currencyrr1 source
  2. 2008
    Currencyrr1 source
  3. 1998
    Bankingrr1 source
  4. 1997
    Bankingrr1 source
  5. 1996
    Bankingrr1 source
  6. 1995
    Bankingrr1 source
  7. 1994
    Bankingrr1 source
  8. 1993
    Currencyrr1 source
    Bankinggmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
  9. 1991
    Currencyrr1 source
  10. 1988
    Currencyrr1 source
  11. 1984
    Currencyrr1 source
  12. 1976
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  13. 1975
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  14. 1974
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  15. 1973
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  16. 1972
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  17. 1971
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  18. 1970
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  19. 1969
    Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
  20. 1967
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
  21. 1958
    Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
  22. 1950
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
  23. 1948
    Bankingrr1 source
  24. 1947
    Bankingrr1 source
  25. 1931
    Bankingrr1 source
  26. 1930
    Bankingrr1 source
  27. 1929
    Bankingrr1 source
  28. 1922
    Bankingrr1 source
  29. 1921
    Currencyrr1 source
    Bankingrr1 source
  30. 1920
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
    Bankinggmd1 source
  31. 1916
    Bankingrr1 source
  32. 1915
    Bankingrr1 source
  33. 1914
    Bankingrr1 source
  34. 1913
    Bankinggmd1 source
  35. 1908
    Bankingrr1 source
  36. 1894
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
  37. 1866
    Bankingrr1 source
  38. 1865
    Bankingrr1 source
  39. 1864
    Bankingrr1 source
  40. 1863
    Bankinggmd, rr2 sources

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology

Macro context around each episode

Inflation, central-bank policy rate, and government debt in a window of five years either side of each crisis episode (consecutive crisis years bridged across gaps of up to two years). Crisis years shaded.

Inflation (% y/y)
-2002040185818631871
Policy rate (%)
No data for this window
Govt debt (% of GDP)
01020185818631871

1894

Currency
Inflation (% y/y)
-20020188918941899
Policy rate (%)
No data for this window
Govt debt (% of GDP)
01020188918941899

1908

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
-1001020190319081913
Policy rate (%)
No data for this window
Govt debt (% of GDP)
0102030190319081913
Inflation (% y/y)
-2002040190819131921
Policy rate (%)
No data for this window
Govt debt (% of GDP)
0102030190819131921

1920–1922

BankingCurrency
Inflation (% y/y)
-2002040191519201927
Policy rate (%)
02.557.5191519201927
Govt debt (% of GDP)
0102030191519201927
Inflation (% y/y)
-20-10010192419291936
Policy rate (%)
02.557.5192419291936
Govt debt (% of GDP)
0204060192419291936

1947–1950

BankingCurrency
Inflation (% y/y)
-50050100194219471955
Policy rate (%)
024194219471955
Govt debt (% of GDP)
0204060194219471955

1958

Sovereign debt
Inflation (% y/y)
-1001020195319581963
Policy rate (%)
0246195319581963
Govt debt (% of GDP)
02040195319581963

1967–1976

CurrencySovereign debt
Inflation (% y/y)
-2002040196219671981
Policy rate (%)
0510196219671981
Govt debt (% of GDP)
0204060196219671981

1984

Currency
Inflation (% y/y)
051015197919841989
Policy rate (%)
0510197919841989
Govt debt (% of GDP)
0204060197919841989

1988–1998

CurrencyBankingoutput loss 0.0% of GDP (Laeven-Valencia 2026)
Inflation (% y/y)
051015198319882003
Policy rate (%)
051015198319882003
Govt debt (% of GDP)
050100198319882003

2008–2011

Currency
Inflation (% y/y)
051015200320082016
Policy rate (%)
0510200320082016
Govt debt (% of GDP)
050100200320082016

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) Inflation is % year over year; policy rate is the central-bank rate in %; government debt is % of GDP. Methodology