Crisis atlas / IND
India
43 distinct crisis events in 12 episodes, 1863–2011, from the union of five primary chronologies.
Debt profile: government debt trajectory and crisis-start levels →
Crisis timeline
Every distinct (year, type) event, most recent first, with the chronologies flagging it. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so long episodes show lower agreement after their first year.
- 2011Currencyrr1 source
- 2008Currencyrr1 source
- 1998Bankingrr1 source
- 1997Bankingrr1 source
- 1996Bankingrr1 source
- 1995Bankingrr1 source
- 1994Bankingrr1 source
- 1993Currencyrr1 sourceBankinggmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
- 1991Currencyrr1 source
- 1988Currencyrr1 source
- 1984Currencyrr1 source
- 1976Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1975Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1974Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1973Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1972Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1971Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1970Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1969Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
- 1967Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1958Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
- 1950Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1948Bankingrr1 source
- 1947Bankingrr1 source
- 1931Bankingrr1 source
- 1930Bankingrr1 source
- 1929Bankingrr1 source
- 1922Bankingrr1 source
- 1921Currencyrr1 sourceBankingrr1 source
- 1920Currencygmd, rr2 sourcesBankinggmd1 source
- 1916Bankingrr1 source
- 1915Bankingrr1 source
- 1914Bankingrr1 source
- 1913Bankinggmd1 source
- 1908Bankingrr1 source
- 1894Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1866Bankingrr1 source
- 1865Bankingrr1 source
- 1864Bankingrr1 source
- 1863Bankinggmd, rr2 sources
Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology
Macro context around each episode
Inflation, central-bank policy rate, and government debt in a window of five years either side of each crisis episode (consecutive crisis years bridged across gaps of up to two years). Crisis years shaded.
1863–1866
Banking1894
Currency1908
Banking1913–1916
Banking1920–1922
BankingCurrency1929–1931
Banking1947–1950
BankingCurrency1958
Sovereign debt1967–1976
CurrencySovereign debt1984
Currency2008–2011
CurrencySource: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) Inflation is % year over year; policy rate is the central-bank rate in %; government debt is % of GDP. Methodology