Crisis atlas / NLD
Netherlands
45 distinct crisis events in 11 episodes, 1802–2021, from the union of five primary chronologies.
Debt profile: government debt trajectory and crisis-start levels →
Crisis timeline
Every distinct (year, type) event, most recent first, with the chronologies flagging it. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so long episodes show lower agreement after their first year.
- 2021Bankingesrb1 source
- 2020Bankingesrb1 source
- 2014Bankingrr1 source
- 2013Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
- 2012Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
- 2011Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
- 2010Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
- 2009Bankingesrb, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
- 2008Bankingesrb, gmd, jst, laeven_valencia, rr5 sources
- 2005Currencyrr1 source
- 1946Currencyrr1 source
- 1944Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1939Bankingrr1 source
- 1936Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1931Bankinggmd1 source
- 1922Bankingrr1 source
- 1921Bankinggmd, jst, rr3 sources
- 1914Bankinggmd, rr2 sources
- 1907Bankinggmd1 source
- 1897Bankingrr1 source
- 1829Bankingrr1 source
- 1828Bankingrr1 source
- 1827Bankingrr1 source
- 1826Bankingrr1 source
- 1825Bankingrr1 source
- 1824Bankingrr1 source
- 1823Bankingrr1 source
- 1822Bankingrr1 source
- 1821Bankingrr1 source
- 1820Bankingrr1 source
- 1819Bankinggmd, rr2 sources
- 1814Sovereign debtrr1 sourceCurrencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1813Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1812Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1811Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1810Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1809Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1808Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1807Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1806Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1805Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1804Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1803Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1802Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology
Macro context around each episode
Inflation, central-bank policy rate, and government debt in a window of five years either side of each crisis episode (consecutive crisis years bridged across gaps of up to two years). Crisis years shaded.
1802–1814
Sovereign debtCurrency1819–1829
Banking1897
Banking1907
Banking1914
Banking1921–1922
Banking1931
Banking1936–1939
CurrencyBanking1944–1946
Currency2020–2021
BankingSource: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) Inflation is % year over year; policy rate is the central-bank rate in %; government debt is % of GDP. Methodology