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FinObservatory

Crisis atlas / NLD

Netherlands

45 distinct crisis events in 11 episodes, 1802–2021, from the union of five primary chronologies.

Debt profile: government debt trajectory and crisis-start levels →

27
Banking crises
5
Currency crises
13
Sovereign debt crises
45
Crisis events
1802–2021
Span

Crisis timeline

Every distinct (year, type) event, most recent first, with the chronologies flagging it. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so long episodes show lower agreement after their first year.

  1. 2021
    Bankingesrb1 source
  2. 2020
    Bankingesrb1 source
  3. 2014
    Bankingrr1 source
  4. 2013
    Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
  5. 2012
    Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
  6. 2011
    Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
  7. 2010
    Bankingesrb, rr2 sources
  8. 2009
    Bankingesrb, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
  9. 2008
    Bankingesrb, gmd, jst, laeven_valencia, rr5 sources
  10. 2005
    Currencyrr1 source
  11. 1946
    Currencyrr1 source
  12. 1944
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
  13. 1939
    Bankingrr1 source
  14. 1936
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
  15. 1931
    Bankinggmd1 source
  16. 1922
    Bankingrr1 source
  17. 1921
    Bankinggmd, jst, rr3 sources
  18. 1914
    Bankinggmd, rr2 sources
  19. 1907
    Bankinggmd1 source
  20. 1897
    Bankingrr1 source
  21. 1829
    Bankingrr1 source
  22. 1828
    Bankingrr1 source
  23. 1827
    Bankingrr1 source
  24. 1826
    Bankingrr1 source
  25. 1825
    Bankingrr1 source
  26. 1824
    Bankingrr1 source
  27. 1823
    Bankingrr1 source
  28. 1822
    Bankingrr1 source
  29. 1821
    Bankingrr1 source
  30. 1820
    Bankingrr1 source
  31. 1819
    Bankinggmd, rr2 sources
  32. 1814
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
  33. 1813
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  34. 1812
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  35. 1811
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  36. 1810
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  37. 1809
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  38. 1808
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  39. 1807
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  40. 1806
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  41. 1805
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  42. 1804
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  43. 1803
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
  44. 1802
    Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020, 2026) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology

Macro context around each episode

Inflation, central-bank policy rate, and government debt in a window of five years either side of each crisis episode (consecutive crisis years bridged across gaps of up to two years). Crisis years shaded.

1802–1814

Sovereign debtCurrency
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1819–1829

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1897

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1907

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1914

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1921–1922

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1931

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1936–1939

CurrencyBanking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

1944–1946

Currency
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

2005–2014

CurrencyBanking2008–2009: fiscal cost 14.3% of GDP, output loss 26.1% of GDP(Laeven-Valencia 2026)
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

2020–2021

Banking
Inflation (% y/y)
Policy rate (%)
Govt debt (% of GDP)

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) Inflation is % year over year; policy rate is the central-bank rate in %; government debt is % of GDP. Methodology