Crisis atlas / TUR
Turkey
88 distinct crisis events in 12 episodes, 1809–2014, from the union of five primary chronologies.
Debt profile: government debt trajectory and crisis-start levels →
Crisis timeline
Every distinct (year, type) event, most recent first, with the chronologies flagging it. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so long episodes show lower agreement after their first year.
- 2014Currencyrr1 source
- 2008Currencyrr1 source
- 2005Currencyrr1 source
- 2002Bankingrr1 source
- 2001Currencygmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sourcesBankinggmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
- 2000Currencyrr1 sourceBankinglaeven_valencia, rr2 sources
- 1999Currencyrr1 source
- 1998Currencyrr1 source
- 1997Currencyrr1 source
- 1996Currencygmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
- 1995Currencyrr1 source
- 1994Currencyrr1 sourceBankingrr1 source
- 1993Currencyrr1 source
- 1992Currencyrr1 source
- 1991Currencygmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sourcesBankinggmd, rr2 sources
- 1990Currencyrr1 source
- 1989Currencyrr1 source
- 1988Currencyrr1 source
- 1987Currencyrr1 source
- 1986Currencyrr1 source
- 1985Currencyrr1 sourceBankingrr1 source
- 1984Currencygmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sourcesBankinglaeven_valencia, rr2 sources
- 1983Currencyrr1 sourceBankinglaeven_valencia, rr2 sources
- 1982Sovereign debtgmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sourcesCurrencyrr1 sourceBankinglaeven_valencia, rr2 sources
- 1981Currencyrr1 source
- 1980Currencyrr1 sourceBankinggmd1 source
- 1979Sovereign debtrr1 sourceCurrencyrr1 source
- 1978Sovereign debtgmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sourcesCurrencygmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
- 1977Currencyrr1 source
- 1971Currencyrr1 source
- 1963Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
- 1959Currencyrr1 source
- 1958Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1957Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1956Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
- 1946Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1943Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1942Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1941Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1940Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
- 1932Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1931Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sourcesBankingrr1 source
- 1930Bankinggmd1 source
- 1928Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1927Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1926Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1925Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1924Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1923Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1922Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1921Sovereign debtrr1 sourceCurrencyrr1 source
- 1920Sovereign debtrr1 sourceCurrencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1919Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1918Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1917Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1916Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1915Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
- 1914Bankinggmd1 source
- 1881Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1880Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1879Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1878Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1877Sovereign debtrr1 source
- 1876Sovereign debtgmd, rr2 sources
- 1863Currencyrr1 source
- 1862Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1831Currencyrr1 source
- 1829Currencyrr1 source
- 1828Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1822Currencyrr1 source
- 1820Currencygmd, rr2 sources
- 1810Currencyrr1 source
- 1809Currencygmd, rr2 sources
Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology
Macro context around each episode
Inflation, central-bank policy rate, and government debt in a window of five years either side of each crisis episode (consecutive crisis years bridged across gaps of up to two years). Crisis years shaded.
1809–1810
Currency1820–1822
Currency1828–1831
Currency1862–1863
Currency1876–1881
Sovereign debt1914–1932
BankingSovereign debtCurrency1940–1946
Sovereign debtCurrency1956–1959
Sovereign debtCurrency1963
Sovereign debt1971
Currency1977–2008
CurrencySovereign debtBankingFiscal cost 2.5% of GDP, output loss 35.0% of GDP (Laeven-Valencia 2026)2014
CurrencySource: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) Inflation is % year over year; policy rate is the central-bank rate in %; government debt is % of GDP. Methodology