South Africa

Crisis timeline

Every distinct (year, type) event, most recent first, with the chronologies flagging it. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) do not mark continuation years, so long episodes show lower agreement after their first year.

1. 2015
   Currencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
2. 2013
   Currencyrr1 source
3. 2011
   Currencyrr1 source
4. 2008
   Currencyrr1 source
5. 2001
   Currencyrr1 source
6. 2000
   Currencyrr1 source
7. 1998
   Currencyrr1 source
8. 1996
   Currencyrr1 source
9. 1993
   Sovereign debtgmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
10. 1989
    Sovereign debtrr1 source

    Bankingrr1 source
11. 1988
    Currencyrr1 source
12. 1987
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
13. 1986
    Sovereign debtrr1 source
14. 1985
    Sovereign debtgmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources

    Currencyrr1 source
15. 1984
    Currencygmd, laeven_valencia, rr3 sources
16. 1981
    Currencyrr1 source
17. 1978
    Bankingrr1 source
18. 1977
    Bankingrr1 source
19. 1967
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
20. 1950
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
21. 1940
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
22. 1933
    Currencygmd, rr2 sources
23. 1890
    Bankinggmd, rr2 sources
24. 1881
    Bankinggmd, rr2 sources
25. 1877
    Bankingrr1 source
26. 1869
    Bankingrr1 source
27. 1868
    Bankingrr1 source
28. 1867
    Bankingrr1 source
29. 1866
    Bankingrr1 source
30. 1865
    Bankinggmd, rr2 sources

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020, 2026) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology

Macro context around each episode

Inflation, central-bank policy rate, and government debt in a window of five years either side of each crisis episode (consecutive crisis years bridged across gaps of up to two years). Crisis years shaded.

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) Inflation is % year over year; policy rate is the central-bank rate in %; government debt is % of GDP. Methodology