Crisis atlas / COG / 1992–1994

Republic of the Congo, 1992–1994

One crisis episode: distinct crisis years merged across gaps of up to two non-crisis years. Types, source agreement, and macro context are drawn from the union of five primary chronologies.

BankingSovereign debtCurrency

Crisis years in this episode

Every distinct (year, type) event inside the 1992–1994 window, with the chronologies flagging it and the count of agreeing sources. Start-year sources (GMD, JST) mark only the first year, so agreement falls in the continuation years.

1992
Bankinggmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
Sovereign debtgmd, laeven_valencia2 sources
1993
Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
1994
Bankinglaeven_valencia1 source
Currencygmd, laeven_valencia2 sources

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 | Laeven & Valencia (2020, 2026) | Reinhart-Rogoff via HBS BFFS | ECB/ESRB Financial Crises Database Methodology

Laeven-Valencia banking-crisis detail

Episode-level fiscal cost and output loss from the systemic banking crises database. Fiscal cost is the gross outlay of banking-sector rescues; output loss is the cumulative deviation of real GDP from its pre-crisis trend, both as a percent of GDP.

Banking episode 1992–1994

Not reported

Fiscal cost, % of GDP

47.4%

Output loss, % of GDP

1994

Episode end year

Source: Laeven & Valencia (2026), IMF WP/26/94, Systemic Banking Crises Database 1970-2025 Methodology

Macro context, 1985–2001

Seven years either side of the episode. Each panel has its own scale; the crisis window is shaded. Only indicators with data for Republic of the Congo in this window are shown. Bank credit growth (year over year in total loans) is available for the 18 Jordà-Schularick-Taylor advanced economies.

Inflation (% y/y)

Real GDP growth (% y/y)

Policy rate (%)

Govt debt (% of GDP)

Current account (% of GDP)

Source: Global Macro Database 2026_06 (Müller, Xu, Lehbib & Chen 2025) | Jordà-Schularick-Taylor Macrohistory R6 (credit) Real GDP growth is derived as the year-over-year change in real GDP; current account and government debt are percent of GDP; policy rate is the central-bank rate; bank credit growth is the year-over-year change in JST total loans. Methodology

How each source dates this episode

The chronologies disagree on start years and durations. This table is generated from the event rows, not curated: it lists, per crisis type, which source flags which years inside the window.

Banking

Global Macro Database1992
Laeven-Valencia1992, 1993, 1994

Sovereign debt

Global Macro Database1992
Laeven-Valencia1992

Currency

Global Macro Database1994
Laeven-Valencia1994

Documented policy responses

1 intervention from the Metrick-Schmelzing banking-crisis database whose recorded year falls inside this episode window (1992–1994). Each row is one documented government or central-bank action, tagged with the database’s own intervention categories and short code, under the crisis code it assigns. Matching is exact: same country, intervention year inside the window. The database’s global-crisis rows (no country) are never matched here.

COG-1992Congo, Rep.

1992No interventionNO/I

Source: Metrick-Schmelzing Banking-Crisis Interventions Database (Yale Program on Financial Stability) Cite as: Metrick, Andrew, and Paul Schmelzing, "Banking-Crisis Interventions Across Time and Space," working paper, 2024 (dataset consulted 2026-07-10). License: Creative Commons attribution. Methodology

Policy-response case studies (external)

For qualitative accounts of how authorities intervened in systemic crises, see the Yale Program on Financial Stability New Bagehot Project, a library of financial-crisis intervention case studies. It is a separate qualitative resource; no specific case is asserted to match this episode.