Sovereign haircuts / PAN
Panama
3 concluded restructurings, between 1940 and 1996. The earliest default they settle began in 1932. The worst cost creditors 34.9% of the present value of their claim, in 1996. The longest gap between a default and its settlement was 9 years.
Every restructuring
Two measures of the same deals, never combined. The present-value haircut discounts what creditors got against what they were owed; the face-value reduction counts only principal written off.
| Default | Settled | Years to settle | Present-value haircut | Face-value reduction | Debt treated (2020 $) | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 | 1940 | 8 | 16.8% | 3.8% | $234M | Cruces and Trebesch (2013) |
| 1984 | 1985 | 1 | 12.0% | 0.0% | $1.20B | Cruces and Trebesch (2013) |
| 1987 | 1996 | 9 | 34.9% | 0.7% | $6.09B | Cruces and Trebesch (2013) |
Source: Meyer, Reinhart & Trebesch (2022), Sovereign Bonds since Waterloo | Cruces & Trebesch (2013), Sovereign Defaults: The Price of Haircuts | Asonuma & Trebesch (2016) Debt treated is the amount restructured, deflated to constant 2020 US dollars in the source file. A negative haircut means the new instruments were worth more than the old claim. Methodology
Bond prices
1 of 3 Panama restructuring episodes has Waterloo prices during the restructuring interval
price only, never pbid or pask, and shows one line per bond from one year before default to one year after settlement. The author README defines price as “bond price in GBP and USD”; it does not document normalization to face value. Across all 329 haircut episodes, 111 have no Waterloo country-code match and 177 start after Dec 1, 1980. Those two counts overlap. 2 of 3 episodes start after the panel ends.| Bond | Currency | ISIN | Obs. | First | Last |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| External Secured SF Gold 5% Loan of 1928, due 1963 (series A) | USD | not recorded | 132 | Jan 1, 1931 | Dec 1, 1941 |
| External 5.5% of 1923, due 1953 | USD | not recorded | 123 | Jan 1, 1931 | Mar 1, 1941 |
| External Secured Refunding 3.25% Bonds of 1939, due 1994 | USD | not recorded | 7 | Jun 1, 1941 | Dec 1, 1941 |
| External Secured Refunding 3.5% Bonds of 1941, due 1967 (series B) | USD | not recorded | 6 | Jun 1, 1941 | Nov 1, 1941 |
waterloo_bonds.price only; pbid and pask are not averaged into it. The author README defines price as “bond price in GBP and USD” and does not document face-value normalization. GBP and USD observations use separate labelled panels and y-axes. Of the 329 episodes in the haircut file, 111 have no Waterloo country-code match and 177 start after 1980-12-01; these counts overlap. Later episodes show an absence message rather than an implied zero.Source: Meyer, Reinhart & Trebesch, Sovereign Bonds since Waterloo (bond-price panel) | Harvard Dataverse, Sovereign Bonds since Waterloo Methodology
Default spells
| Spell | From | To | Years | Restructurings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAN_1932-1940 | 1932 | 1940 | 9 | 1 |
| PAN_1984-1996 | 1984 | 1996 | 13 | 2 |
Source: Meyer, Reinhart & Trebesch (2022), Sovereign Bonds since Waterloo | Cruces & Trebesch (2013), Sovereign Defaults: The Price of Haircuts | Asonuma & Trebesch (2016) Duration counts both endpoints. The spells table also carries a cumulative-haircut column; it is not published here because it does not reconcile with the per-episode haircuts, see the methodology. Methodology
The Cruces-Trebesch record: a third measure and the discount rate
The Cruces-Trebesch file carries 3 restructurings here, and adds the market haircut (the new instruments against the face value of the old claim, undiscounted) and the exit yield used to do the discounting. The deal label is the file’s own and is finer than the country: it names the instrument class the deal covered. The two files were assembled separately, so a deal here need not line up one-to-one with a row above.
| Deal | Date | Present value | Market | Face value | Exit yield | Structure | Data quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panama | 1985-10-01 | 12.0% | 13.8% | 0.0% | 13.8% | - | 2 / 5 |
| Panama | 1994-08-01 | 15.1% | 15.1% | 0.0% | 12.7% | bond exchange | 4 / 5 |
| Panama | 1996-04-01 | 34.9% | 41.3% | 0.7% | 11.7% | Brady deal | 3 / 5 |
Source: Cruces & Trebesch, haircut dataset (2014 update) Data quality is the file's own 1-to-5 index of how well the deal terms are documented. Methodology
Debt still in default
The Bank of Canada-Bank of England default database records no debt in default for Panama in its latest year.
Source: Bank of Canada-Bank of England Sovereign Default Database (CRAG) Bank of Canada terms (attribution). Includes domestic arrears, so it is not comparable with the debt-treated column above. Methodology